Final Project: Build a C++ App — C++ Tutorial

Project Overview

Build a Student Grade Management System that demonstrates all C++ concepts you've learned.

Classes with encapsulation and inheritance
Templates for generic data handling
STL containers (vector, map, set)
File I/O for data persistence
Exception handling for robust error management
Smart pointers for safe memory management

Core Implementation

Design the class hierarchy and data structures for the grade system.

Example

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <map>
#include <algorithm>
#include <numeric>
using namespace std;

class Student {
private:
    string name;
    int id;
    vector<double> grades;
public:
    Student(string n, int i) : name(n), id(i) {}

    void addGrade(double g) {
        if (g < 0 || g > 100) throw invalid_argument("Invalid grade");
        grades.push_back(g);
    }

    double average() const {
        if (grades.empty()) return 0;
        return accumulate(grades.begin(), grades.end(), 0.0) / grades.size();
    }

    char letterGrade() const {
        double avg = average();
        if (avg >= 90) return 'A';
        if (avg >= 80) return 'B';
        if (avg >= 70) return 'C';
        if (avg >= 60) return 'D';
        return 'F';
    }

    friend ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, const Student& s) {
        os << s.name << " (ID: " << s.id << ") - Avg: "
           << s.average() << " (" << s.letterGrade() << ")";
        return os;
    }
};